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Aromatic amine compounds are diverse, widely used, and highly toxic. They mainly exist in aerosol and vapor in workplace air. Occupational poisoning incidents caused by aromatic amine compounds occur from time to time. In China, occupational exposure limits have been established for only 11 aromatic amine compounds, with supporting detection methods developed only for four compounds： aniline, N-methylaniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, and p-nitroaniline. Most of the highly toxic and hazardous aromatic amine compounds do not have specific limit. Currently, regular sampling mediums for detecting aromatic amine compounds in the workplace air are absorbing solution, filter membrane, silica gel, and poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) resin. Regular detection methods are gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, fluorescence detection, and chromatography-mass spectrometry. However, these methods are mostly designed for detecting individual compounds or their specific forms, and there is a need to develop a detection method that can detect aromatic amine compounds existing in aerosol and vapor form simultaneously using a novel composite sampling tube.
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@#Bioluminescence is a widespread phenomenon in nature, and luminescent organisms can be found both on land and in the ocean. Among them, luciferase based bioluminescence systems have been widely studied, inspiring the exploration of genetic and epigenetic aspects and the development of a series of related assays for in vivo and in vitro studies. This paper summarizes the recent developments of luciferase based bioluminescence assays in terms of bioluminescence systems, types of luciferases, and the development and application of luciferase bioluminescence assays.
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The pollution caused by improper handling of plastics has become a global challenge. In addition to recycling plastics and using biodegradable plastics, an alternative solution is to seek efficient methods for degrading plastics. Among them, the methods of using biodegradable enzymes or microorganisms to treat plastics have attracted increasing attention because of its advantages of mild conditions and no secondary environmental pollution. Developing highly efficient depolymerizing microorganisms/enzymes is the core for plastics biodegradation. However, the current analysis and detection methods cannot meet the requirements for screening efficient plastics biodegraders. It is thus of great significance to develop rapid and accurate analysis methods for screening biodegraders and evaluating biodegradation efficiency. This review summarizes the recent application of various commonly used analytical techniques in plastics biodegradation, including high performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and determination of zone of clearance, with fluorescence analysis techniques highlighted. This review may facilitate standardizing the characterization and analysis of plastics biodegradation process and developing more efficient methods for screening plastics biodegraders.
Subject(s)
Biodegradable Plastics/chemistry , Biodegradation, EnvironmentalABSTRACT
Epidermal growth factor receptor exon 20 insertion (EGFR ex20ins) is one of the earliest driver gene activation mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, due to the unique structure of protein variation caused by this mutation, most patients with EGFR ex20ins mutation (except A763_Y764insFQEA) have poor response to the launched first/second/third generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). With the successive approval of new specific targeted drugs for EGFR ex20ins in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other national regulatory agencies, the development and clinical research of targeted drugs for EGFR ex20ins in China have also developed rapidly and Mobocertinib has been approved recently in China. It is worth noting that EGFR ex20ins is a variant type with strong molecular heterogeneity. How to detect it comprehensively and accurately in clinical practice, so as to enable more patients to benefit from targeted therapy, is a very important and urgent problem to be solved. This review introduces the molecular typing of EGFR ex20ins, then discusses the importance of EGFR ex20ins detection and the differences of various detection methods, and summarizes the research and development of new drugs progress of EGFR ex20ins, in order to optimize the diagnosis and treatment path of EGFR ex20ins patients by selecting accurate, rapid and appropriate detection methods, so as to improve the clinical benefits of the patients. .
Subject(s)
Humans , United States , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Mutagenesis, Insertional , Lung Neoplasms , ErbB Receptors , ExonsABSTRACT
As an industrial chemical， bisphenol A is widely used in various food packaging materials. However， it is an endocrine disrupting chemical， which has estrogen activity and can cause certain damage to humans. So far， there are few studies on the detection of bisphenol A in self-heating food packaging materials， and there remains a lack of relevant standard. Therefore， it is necessary to establish a simple， sensitive and efficient method for the detection of bisphenol A in self-heating food. This study briefly introduces the pretreatment methods of bisphenol A， such as ultrasonic extraction， solid phase extraction， accelerated solvent extraction， and detection methods， such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry， high performance liquid chromatography， fluorescent detection， and electrochemical detection.
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@#Abstract: Nitrobenzene compounds (NBCs) are widely used in the world. It has 40 isomers such as nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene and nitrotoluene, that are highly toxic and difficult to degrade and can cause harm to human health in different degrees. At pres⁃ ent, there is no unified standard method and occupational exposure limit for the detection of NBCs in the air. In terms of sampling medium, solid adsorption tube is mostly used for trapping vapor state NBCs, and filter membrane and solid adsorption tube are mostly used in series for sampling coexist NBCs in vapor state and aerosol state. In the detection methods, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are common, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, Raman spectroscopy, ion migration spectrometry and some other rapid response methods and technologies are also used in the detection of NBCs. In the detection of NBCs by gas chro⁃ matography, capillary column separation is commonly used, and the main detectors are flame ionization detector, electron capture detector and mass spectrometry detector. It is of practical significance to establish a method with high sensitivity, strong practica⁃ bility, convenient operation, and can simultaneously collect and detect a variety of NBCs in different states.
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Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a major inhibitor of tissue factor-mediated extrinsic coagulation pathway, mainly derived from microvascular endothelial cells. Recent studies have found that TFPI plays a role in hemophilia, sepsis, antiphospholipid syndrome, venous thromboembolism and other diseases, and participates in the occurrence and development of diseases through anticoagulation mechanism. At present, there are many methods to detect the source, content and function of TFPI, which are helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical diseases.
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DNA is an important biological molecule that contains genetic information. Ionizing radiation generally exists in the environment of modern uranium mining, radiological medicine and nuclear power plants. Improper protection of the human body against ionizing radiation may cause various types of DNA damage, make genome splicing unstable, and cause various biological diseases related to cancer and aging. The development of DNA radiation damage detection technology is helpful for researchers to assess the extent of biological radiation damage and to diagnose and treat patients with nuclear radiation. In this paper, the domestic and abroad research progress in DNA radiation damage detection methods was reviewed, in which the principles, functions, advantages and disadvantages of relevant detection methods were described, and the future development direction of DNA radiation damage detection methods was prospected.
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Enteral nutrition support is an effective nursing approach for critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation in intensive care units, of which aspiration is a common complication. Here is a review focusing on the detection and preventive methods of aspiration in patients on mechanical ventilation, with summaries of the technical characteristics regarding different aspiration testing methods, including secretion assessment, methylene blue staining and edible pigment marking method. The preventive measures are systematically summarized, covering feeding route, feeding mode, infusion rate and amount of nutrient solution, nutritional formula, lying position and airway management. This review can provide reference for the implementation of enteral nutrition support in patients on mechanical ventilation.
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OBJECTIVE: To prepare and develop a GDH-2 air sampling tube for detecting 12 kinds of chlorobenzenes(CBs) in workplace air and to establish a matching detecting method. METHODS: The self-developed GDH-2 air sampling tube was filled with ion exchange resin and activated carbon, and the mass ratio was 10 ∶1. The GDH-2 air sampling tube was used to collect 12 kinds of CBs with coexistence of gaseous and aerosol in the air. After elution with toluene, they were separated on a chromatographic column and determined by microcell electron capture detector. RESULTS: The quantitative detecting range of the method was 0.51×10~(-3)-6 000.00 mg/L, with the correlation coefficients greater than 0.999 4. The minimum detection concentration was 0.02-61.99 μg/m~3, and the minimum quantitative concentration was 0.05-206.62 μg/m~3. The average desorption efficiency was 90.8%-104.0%. The within-run relative standard deviation(RSD) was 1.0%-5.7%, and the between-run RSD was 3.0%-7.3%. The samples can be stored at room temperature for at least 26 days. CONCLUSION: The self-developed GDH-2 air sampling tube and its matching measuring method can be used for the collection and determination of the 12 kinds of CBs in the air of workplace.
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Objective:To establish the quality evaluation methods of Asparagi Radix decoction pieces and its standard decoction. Method:Ten batches of Asparagi Radix standard decoction were prepared. High performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection method (HPLC-ELSD) was established for the determination of protodioscin and protoneodioscin in Asparagi Radix decoction pieces and its standard decoction, and the fingerprint detection of Asparagi Radix decoction pieces with acetonitrile-water as mobile phase for gradient elution. UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS was used to identify ten main common peaks in the fingerprint with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid solution as mobile phase for gradient elution, electrospray ionization (ESI) and positive and negative ion mode scanning were employed, the detection range was m/z 100-1 400. Result:The total content of protodioscin and protoneodioscin in Asparagi Radix decoction pieces was 0.41%-0.72%, and their total content in Asparagi Radix standard decoction was 0.33%-0.59%, the transfer rate of these two components was 73.6%-98.3%. The dry extract yield of the standard decoction was 59.0%-73.0%, and its pH was 4.9-5.6. There were 10 common peaks in the fingerprint, and all of them were saponins, including protoneodioscin, protodioscin, aspacochioside A and its isomer, methyl protodioscin, asparagoside F, (25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-furostan-5, 20-diene-3β, 26-diol-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside, 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-furostan-20 (22)-ene-3β, 26-diol-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside, pseudodiosgenin, aspacochioside C. Conclusion:In this paper, the quality evaluation methods of Asparagi Radix decoction pieces and its standard decoction are established, and these methods are stable and feasible, which can provide reference for the quality control of pharmaceutical preparations containing Asparagi Radix.
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Cellular oncosis is an important non-apoptosis mode of cell death characterized by cell swelling and karyolysis. Studies have indicated that cellular oncosis is involved in the progress of tumor and cardiovascular diseases as well as other diseases. The selection of appropriate detection method is the key to the study of cellular oncosis. However, there is still no unified standard of detection methods for cellular oncosis. Therefore, this paper summarizes the concept and characteristics of cellular oncosis, as well as principle, the advantages and disadvantages of existing detection methods, so as to provide reference for the selection of detection methods and promote the research on cellular oncosis.
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Aim To explore the feasibility of APTT bioactivity detection for Xuesaitong injection. Methods The APTT values of rabbit plasma of samples/reference were detected by automatic coagulometer, and the data were analyzed by bioassay statistics. Results The results of repeated test of different rabbit plasma, multiple enterprises and various concentrations of Xuesaitong injection were stable. The APTT values of standard ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, notoginsenoside R1 and Panax notoginseng saponins were compared with that of Xuesaitong injection, and the APTT values of the former three were not correlated with Xuesaitong injection; while the Panax notoginseng saponins were significantly correlated with Xuesaitong injection. The panax notoginseng saponins were used as the reference material, and the results were consistent with those of the physical and chemical analysis. Conclusions The active ingredients in Xuesaitong injection do not represent the effective ingredients, and its medicinal effect is the result of the combined action of various ingredients. Therefore, it is not suitable to simply look for some monomer as the control. This paper suggests using panax notoginseng saponins as the control substance to explore the biological activity study of injections for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis.
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@#Contrast sensitivity(CS)has been widely studied in the research of ophthalmology and optometry. Compared with visual acuity(VA)test, CS assessment can fully and accurately reveal the state of visual function, which has become an important indicator for the prediction, diagnosis of eye diseases and for the evaluation of the disease progression and therapeutic effect. To improve the accuracy of CS measurement, CS detection methods have been constantly improved and innovated, mainly including objective examination and subjective psychophysical examination. Both methods have their advantages and limitations and the main target population is slightly different. With the development of the current Internet Plus, the CS detect software based on computer technology has been successively developed by many research institutions, which provide more convenient detection methods. Therefore, this paper reviews the visual standard design, measurement requirements and main applicable characteristics of common CS detection.
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Fluoride contamination in water is a serious public health problem.Detection of fluoride ion in drinking water is an important indicator to evaluate the status of fluoride pollution in water and control effect.At present,the methods for detecting fluoride ion in water include fluorine reagent spectrophotometry,ion selective electrode method,ion chromatography,and zirconium salt pigment colorimetry.This article briefly reviews the principles,detection limits,influencing factors,and advantages and disadvantages of these commonly used detection methods,and puts forward the improvement direction of detection method in view of current demand for detection of water fluoride ion.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of endogenous, small (approximately 22 nucleotides in length), noncoding, functional RNAs. With the development of molecular biology, the research of miRNA bio-logical function has attracted significant interest, as abnormal miRNA expression is identified to contribute to serious human diseases such as cancers. Traditional methods for miRNA detection do not meet current demands. In particular, nanomaterial-based methods, nucleic acid amplification-based methods such as rolling circle amplification (RCA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), strand-displacement amplification (SDA) and some enzyme-free amplifications have been employed widely for the highly sensitive detection of miRNA. MiRNA functional research and clinical diagnostics have been accelerated by these new techniques. Herein, we summarize and discuss the recent progress in the development of miRNA detection methods and new applications. This review will provide guidelines for the development of follow-up miRNA detection methods with high sensitivity and spec-ificity, and applicability to disease diagnosis and therapy.
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Elimination of HBV cccDNA from hepatocytes infected with chronic HBV virus is considered to be the key to eradicating HBV. Monitoring HBV cccDNA before, during, and after viral treatment is essential for routine treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B. With the introduction of new anti-HBV treatment technologies and new drugs targeting HBV cccDNA, Accurate and sensitive HBV cccDNA assays are urgently needed to evaluate efficacy. In recent years, HBV cccDNA detection methods have achieved gratifying results in both traditional PCR methods and digital PCR methods popular in recent years. In this paper, the advances in HBV cccDNA quantitative detection by qPCR, Magnetic bead capture hybridization, rolling circle amplification combined with in situ PCR, digital PCR and digital PCR assay in single cells were reviewed.
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The criteria for the Kato-Katz thick smear are compiled following the Management Measures for Health Criteria and GBT 1.1–2009 Standardization Working Guidelines. The criteria are composed of five chapters, including the range of application, terms and definitions, equipments, reagent materials, and testing procedures. Three informative appendices (identification of helminth eggs in human faeces, counting method of eggs in Kato-Katz thick smear, and other considerations) are appended. The criteria have been issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China, it provides a technical reference for the detection of helminth eggs in human faeces in medical institutions and disease prevention and control institutions.
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The criteria for the Kato-Katz thick smear are compiled following the Management Measures for Health Criteria and GBT 1.1–2009 Standardization Working Guidelines. The criteria are composed of five chapters, including the range of application, terms and definitions, equipments, reagent materials, and testing procedures. Three informative appendices (identification of helminth eggs in human faeces, counting method of eggs in Kato-Katz thick smear, and other considerations) are appended. The criteria have been issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China, it provides a technical reference for the detection of helminth eggs in human faeces in medical institutions and disease prevention and control institutions.
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Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that fall off from the primary tumor and enter into the blood circulation system. CTCs detection will contribute to diagnosing tumor in its early stage, monitoring the relapse and metastasis, evaluating the prognosis. In this review, the recent progress and the application in diagnosis and treatment of CTCs detection methods in lung cancer were summarized.